What does the cerebral cortex cover?

The cerebral cortex is a crucial part of the brain, often referred to as the "gray matter" because of its coloration. It is responsible for numerous higher-level functions such as perception, cognition, and voluntary motor actions. The cerebral cortex covers the cerebral hemispheres, which are the largest parts of the brain and include structures that are integral to complex thought processes, sensory perception, and decision-making.

The cerebral hemispheres consist of the left and right sides of the brain, each associated with different functions such as language and analytical thinking (typically the left hemisphere) and creativity and spatial awareness (typically the right hemisphere). The cortex is folded into gyri and sulci, greatly increasing its surface area and making it possible to accommodate a large number of neurons, which facilitate these complex processes.

In contrast, the brainstem, limbic system, and thalamus are located beneath the cortex and are not covered by it. The brainstem controls basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate, the limbic system is involved in emotion and memory, and the thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information. Therefore, the cerebral cortex specifically covers the cerebral hemispheres, making this the correct answer.