AP Psychology Practice Test

A cognitive map refers to a mental representation of the physical environment, allowing individuals to navigate and understand their spatial surroundings. This concept was popularized by psychologist Edward Tolman, who conducted experiments with rats in mazes. He discovered that the rats were able to form a mental layout of the maze, demonstrating an understanding of the environment beyond simple stimulus-response behaviors.

Cognitive maps encompass knowledge about distances, landmarks, routes, and relationships between various locations, which can aid in decision-making and navigation in both familiar and new settings. This ability to visualize and manipulate spatial relationships in one’s mind is crucial for tasks such as planning routes or remembering locations, highlighting its importance in cognitive psychology.

Other options presented focus on different aspects of cognition or memory, such as auditory memory, learning processes, or problem-solving techniques, which do not capture the specific nature of cognitive maps and their role in spatial understanding.